ViewModel之CreationExtras

发表于 2018/05/28 更新于 2025/02/02

作者 Hacket Zeng

17 分钟阅读

ViewModel `CreationExtras`

CreationExtras 概述

CreationExtras 是在 Androidx-Lifecycle 在 2.5.0 版本中添加。这个和现有的 ViewModel 搭配使用。他不能单独使用，也是被包含在 ViewModelProvider.Factory 里。

接入

  
val lifecycle_version = "2.5.0" // >=2.5.0
// ViewModel
implementation("androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel:$lifecycle_version")

探讨 CreationExtras

目前使用 Factory 的问题: `Stateful Factory`

我们知道 ViewModel 是通过 ViewModelProvider 创建的，默认 Factory 是通过反射创建实例的；如果有多个参数的 ViewModel，需要自定义 Factory：

  
class MyViewModelFactory(
    private val application: Application,
    private val param: String
) : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
    override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
        return MyViewModel(application, param) as T
    }
}

然后在 Activity/Fragment 中声明 ViewModel，传入自定义的 Factory：

  
val vm : MyViewModel by viewModels {
    MyViewModelFactory(application, "some data")
}

"some data" 可能来自 Activity 的 Intent Bundle 或者 Fragment 的 argements。

一个真实的项目 ViewModel 的参数代码复杂的多，一个持有状态的 Factory 不利于复用，为了保存 ViewModel 创建时的正确性，往往要为每个 ViewModel 配备一个专属的 Factory，这就失去了 工厂 原本存在的意义；随着 App 页面的复杂度增加，每一处需要共享 ViewModel 的地方都要单独构建 Factory，冗余代码也越来越多

除了直接使用 ViewModelProvider.Factory，还有其他几种初始化方式，例如借助 SavedStateHandler 等，但是无论何种方式本质上都是借助了 ViewModelProvider.Factory，都免不了上述 Stateful Factory 的问题。

`CretionExtras` 解决问题：`Stateless Factory`

Lifecycle 2.5.0-alpha01 开始引入了 CreationExtras 的概念，它替代了 Factory 的任务为 ViewModel 初始化所需的参数，Factory 无需再持有状态。 ViewModelProvider.Factory 使用 create(modelClass) 创建 ViewModel ，在 2.5.0 之后方法签名发生了如下变化：

  
// < 2.5.0
fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T 
// >= 2.5.0
fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T

一个 Stateless 的 Factory 可以更好地复用。我们可以在一个 Factory 中使用 when 处理所有类型的 ViewModel 创建，一次定义多处使用。

CreationExtras 使用

示例 1

1 个 application 参数，1 个 int，1 个 String 参数的 AndroidViewModel

  
// ViewModel
class MyExtraAndroidViewModel(
    application: Application,
    private val param1: String?,
    private val param2: Int?,
    private val param3: Int?
) : AndroidViewModel(application) {

    fun test() {
        Log.d("hacket", "test $param1 - $param2 - $param3")
    }
}
// Factory
class ViewModelFactory : ViewModelProvider.Factory {  
    override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T {  
        return when (modelClass) {  
            MyExtraAndroidViewModel::class.java -> {  
                // 通过extras获取自定义参数  
                val params1 = extras[PARAM1_KEY]  
                val params2 = extras[PARAM2_KEY]  
                val params3 = extras[PARAM3_KEY]  
                // 通过extras获取application  
                val application = extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY]  
  
                val viewModel = extras[ViewModelProvider.NewInstanceFactory.VIEW_MODEL_KEY]  
  
                Log.d(  
                    "hacket",  
                    "ViewModelFactory application=$application, viewModel=$viewModel, param1=$params1, param2=$params2, param3=$params3"  
                )  
  
                // 创建 VM                
                MyExtraAndroidViewModel(application!!, params1, params2, params3) as T  
            }  
            // ...  
            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown class $modelClass")  
        }  
    }  
  
    companion object {  
        private object StringKeyImpl : CreationExtras.Key<String>  
        private object IntKeyImpl : CreationExtras.Key<Int>  
  
        /**  
         * A [CreationExtras.Key] to query an String in which ViewModel is being created.         */        @JvmField  
        val PARAM1_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<String> = StringKeyImpl  
  
        /**  
         * A [CreationExtras.Key] to query an Int in which ViewModel is being created.         */        @JvmField  
        val PARAM2_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<Int> = IntKeyImpl  
  
        // 不能复用IntKeyImpl，否则前面会被覆盖掉  
        @JvmField  
        val PARAM3_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<Int> = IntKeyImpl  
    }  
}

使用 1： ViewModelProvider

  
// 使用
val vm by lazy {  
    val extras = MutableCreationExtras()  
    extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "param1 value"  
    extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 112  
    extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM3_KEY] = 520  
    extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY] = application  
    ViewModelProvider(  
        this.viewModelStore,  
        ViewModelFactory(),  
        extras  
    )["MyExtraAndroidViewModel_Key1", MyExtraAndroidViewModel::class.java]  
}

使用 2：viewmodels

  
private val myExtraAndroidViewModel2 by viewModels<MyExtraAndroidViewModel>(
	extrasProducer = {
		val extras = MutableCreationExtras()
		extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "-》param1 value"
		extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 110
		extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY] = application
		extras
	},
	factoryProducer = {
		ViewModelFactory()
	}
)

示例 2：多个 ViewModel 公用 Factory

  
// ViewModel
class MyExtraViewModel(  
    private val param1: String?,  
    private val param2: Int?,  
) : ViewModel() {  
  
    fun test() {  
        Log.d("hacket", "MyExtraViewModel test $param1 - $param2")  
    }  
}
// Factory
class ViewModelFactory : ViewModelProvider.Factory {  
    override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T {  
        return when (modelClass) {  
            MyExtraAndroidViewModel::class.java -> {  
                // 通过extras获取自定义参数  
                val params1 = extras[PARAM1_KEY]  
                val params2 = extras[PARAM2_KEY]  
                val params3 = extras[PARAM3_KEY]  
                // 通过extras获取application  
                val application = extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY]  
                val viewModel = extras[ViewModelProvider.NewInstanceFactory.VIEW_MODEL_KEY]  
                // 创建 VM                
                MyExtraAndroidViewModel(application!!, params1, params2, params3) as T  
            }  
            MyExtraViewModel::class.java -> {  
                // 通过extras获取自定义参数  
                val params1 = extras[PARAM1_KEY]  
                val params2 = extras[PARAM2_KEY]  
                val viewModel = extras[ViewModelProvider.NewInstanceFactory.VIEW_MODEL_KEY]
                // 创建 VM                
                MyExtraViewModel(params1, params2) as T  
            }  
            // ...  
            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown class $modelClass")  
        }  
    }
    companion object {  
        private object StringKeyImpl : CreationExtras.Key<String>  
        private object IntKeyImpl : CreationExtras.Key<Int>  
        /**  
         * A [CreationExtras.Key] to query an String in which ViewModel is being created.         */        @JvmField  
        val PARAM1_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<String> = StringKeyImpl  
        /**  
         * A [CreationExtras.Key] to query an Int in which ViewModel is being created.         */        @JvmField  
        val PARAM2_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<Int> = IntKeyImpl  
        // 不能复用IntKeyImpl，否则前面会被覆盖掉  
        @JvmField  
        val PARAM3_KEY: CreationExtras.Key<Int> = IntKeyImpl  
    }  
}
// 使用
private val myExtraViewModel by lazy {  
    val extras = MutableCreationExtras()  
    extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "-》hacket"  
    extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 90  
    ViewModelProvider(  
        this.viewModelStore,  
        ViewModelFactory(),  
        extras  
    )[MyExtraViewModel::class.java]  
}

示例 3：获取 Activity intent

  
object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
    override fun <T : ViewModel> create(
        modelClass: Class<T>,
        extras: CreationExtras
    ): T {
        // 使用 DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY 获取 Intent 中的 Bundle
        val bundle = extras[DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY]
        val id = bundle?.getInt("id") ?: 0
        return MyViewModel(id) as T
    }
}

对 `AndroidViewModel` 和 `SavedStateHandle` 的支持

CreationExtras 本质上就是让 Factory 变得无状态。以前为了构建不同参数类型的 ViewModel 而存在的各种特殊的 Factory 子类，比如 AndroidViewModel 的 AndroidViewModelFactory 以及 SavedStateHandler ViewModel 的 SavedStateViewModelFactory 等等，都会由于 CreationExtras 出现而逐渐退出舞台。

  
class CustomFactory : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
    override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T {
        return when (modelClass) {
            HomeViewModel::class -> {
                // Get the Application object from extras
                val application = checkNotNull(extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY])
                // Pass it directly to HomeViewModel
                HomeViewModel(application)
            }
            DetailViewModel::class -> {
                // Create a SavedStateHandle for this ViewModel from extras
                val savedStateHandle = extras.createSavedStateHandle()
                DetailViewModel(savedStateHandle)
            }
            else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown class $modelClass")
        } as T
    }
}

如上，无论 Application 还是 SavedStateHandler 都可以统一从 CreationExtras 获取。

createSavedStateHandle() 扩展函数可以基于 CreationExtras 创建 SavedStateHandler

  
public fun CreationExtras.createSavedStateHandle(): SavedStateHandle {
    val savedStateRegistryOwner = this[SAVED_STATE_REGISTRY_OWNER_KEY]
    val viewModelStateRegistryOwner = this[VIEW_MODEL_STORE_OWNER_KEY]
    val defaultArgs = this[DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY]
    val key = this[VIEW_MODEL_KEY]
    return createSavedStateHandle(
        savedStateRegistryOwner, viewModelStateRegistryOwner, key, defaultArgs
    )
}

使用 DSL 创建 ViewModelFactory

2.5.0-alpha03 新增了用 DSL 创建 ViewModelFactory 的方式，

  
androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx:2.5.0-alpha03
androidx.fragment:fragment-ktx:1.5.0-alpha03

源码：

  
// viewModelFactory()
public inline fun viewModelFactory(  
    builder: InitializerViewModelFactoryBuilder.() -> Unit  
): ViewModelProvider.Factory = InitializerViewModelFactoryBuilder().apply(builder).build()

// InitializerViewModelFactoryBuilder
@ViewModelFactoryDsl  
public class InitializerViewModelFactoryBuilder {  
    private val initializers = mutableListOf<ViewModelInitializer<*>>()  
  
    fun <T : ViewModel> addInitializer(clazz: KClass<T>, initializer: CreationExtras.() -> T) {  
        initializers.add(ViewModelInitializer(clazz.java, initializer))  
    }  
	  fun build(): ViewModelProvider.Factory =  InitializerViewModelFactory(*initializers.toTypedArray())  
}

inline fun <reified VM : ViewModel> InitializerViewModelFactoryBuilder.initializer(  
    noinline initializer: CreationExtras.() -> VM  
) {  
    addInitializer(VM::class, initializer)  
}

// ViewModelInitializer
class ViewModelInitializer<T : ViewModel>(  
    internal val clazz: Class<T>,  
    internal val initializer: CreationExtras.() -> T,  
)

// InitializerViewModelFactory
internal class InitializerViewModelFactory(  
    private vararg val initializers: ViewModelInitializer<*>  
) : ViewModelProvider.Factory {  
     override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T {  
        var viewModel: T? = null  
        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")  
        initializers.forEach {  
            if (it.clazz == modelClass) {  
                viewModel = it.initializer.invoke(extras) as? T  
            }  
        }  
        return viewModel ?: throw IllegalArgumentException(  
            "No initializer set for given class ${modelClass.name}"  
        )  
    }  
}

viewModelFactory 配合 ViewModelProvider

  
private val myExtraViewModel3 by lazy {  
	val factory = viewModelFactory {  
		initializer {  
			val v1 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY]  
			val v2 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY]  
			MyExtraViewModel(v1, v2)  
		}  
//                addInitializer(MyExtraViewModel::class) {  
//                    val v1 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY]  
//                    val v2 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY]  
//                    MyExtraViewModel(v1, v2)  
//                }  
	}  
	val extras = MutableCreationExtras()  
	extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "from hacket zeng"  
	extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 100  
	ViewModelProvider(  
		this.viewModelStore,  
		factory,  
		extras  
	)["key-MyExtraViewModel", MyExtraViewModel::class.java]  
}

viewModelFactory 配合 `viewModels()`

  
private val myExtraViewModel2 by viewModels<MyExtraViewModel>(  
	// 提供CreationExtras
	extrasProducer = {  
		val extras = MutableCreationExtras()  
		extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "from hacket"  
		extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 900  
		extras  
	},  
	factoryProducer = {  
		viewModelFactory {  
			initializer {  
				// 取CreationExtras数据
				val v1 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY]  
				val v2 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY]  
				MyExtraViewModel(v1, v2)  
			}  
//                addInitializer(MyExtraViewModel::class) {  
//                    val v1 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY]  
//                    val v2 = this[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY]  
//                    MyExtraViewModel(v1, v2)  
//                }  
		}  
	}    
)

配置多个 ViewModel

由于 initializers 是一个列表，所以可以存储多个 ViewModel 的创建信息，因此可以通过 DSL 配置多个 ViewModel 的创建：

  
val factory = viewModelFactory {
    initializer {
        MyViewModel(123)
    }
    initializer {
        MyViewModel2("Test")
    }
}

对 Compose 的支持

可以通过 LocalViewModelStoreOwner 获取当前的 defaultExtras，然后根据需要添加自己的 extras 即可。

CreationExtras 原理

CreationExtras

CreationExtras 是一个类似 map 的对象，传递给 ViewModelProvider.Factory.create() 方法，提供一些可选的信息给 Factory。

它用于标记 Factory 无状态（Stateless Factory），这样更容易注入一个 factory，因为在构造时，不需要所有可用的信息

CreationExtras 类源码：

  
public abstract class CreationExtras internal constructor() {
    internal val map: MutableMap<Key<*>, Any?> = mutableMapOf()

    /**
     * Key for the elements of [CreationExtras]. [T] is a type of an element with this key.
     */
    public interface Key<T>

    /**
     * Returns an element associated with the given [key]
     */
    public abstract operator fun <T> get(key: Key<T>): T?

    /**
     * Empty [CreationExtras]
     */
    object Empty : CreationExtras() {
        override fun <T> get(key: Key<T>): T? = null
    }
}

map：一个返回 key 为 Key，value 为任意类型的 map
Key<T>：接口，作为 map 的 key
get(Key)：返回关联该 Key 的值
Empty：空的 CreationExtras

可以修改的 MutableCreationExtras：

  
public class MutableCreationExtras(initialExtras: CreationExtras = Empty) : CreationExtras() {
    init {
        map.putAll(initialExtras.map)
    }
    public operator fun <T> set(key: Key<T>, t: T) {
        map[key] = t
    }
    public override fun <T> get(key: Key<T>): T? {
        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
        return map[key] as T?
    }
}

CreationExtras.Key

  
public abstract class CreationExtras internal constructor() {
    internal val map: MutableMap<Key<*>, Any?> = mutableMapOf()
    public interface Key<T>
    public abstract operator fun <T> get(key: Key<T>): T?
    object Empty : CreationExtras() {
        override fun <T> get(key: Key<T>): T? = null
    }
}

Key 的泛型 T 代表对应 Value 的类型。相对于 Map<K，V> ，这种定义方式可以更加类型安全地获取多种类型的键值对，CoroutineContext 等也是采用这种设计。

系统以及提供了几个预置的 Key 供使用：

CreationExtras.Key	描述	备注
`ViewModelProvider.NewInstanceFactory.VIEW_MODEL_KEY`	`ViewModelProvider 可以基于 key 区分多个 VM 实例，VIEW_MODEL_KEY 用来提供当前 VM 的这个 key`	每个 get 都有
`ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY`	提供当前 Application context
`SavedStateHandleSupport.SAVED_STATE_REGISTRY_OWNER_KEY`	提供创建 createSavedStateHandle 所需的 SavedStateRegistryOwner
`SavedStateHandleSupport.VIEW_MODEL_STORE_OWNER_KEY`	createSavedStateHandle 所需的 ViewModelStoreOwner
`SavedStateHandleSupport.DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY`	createSavedStateHandle 所需的 Bundle

后三个 Key 都跟 SavedStateHandle 的创建有关

MutableCreationExtras

CreatioinExtras 是一个密封类，因此无法直接实例化。我们需要使用其子类 MutableCreationExtras 来创建实例，这是一种读写分离的设计思想，保证了使用处的不可变性。

一些 Factory 对 CreationExtras 的支持

在 ViewModelProvider 构造函数的第 3 个是 CreationExtras

  
public open class ViewModelProvider  
constructor(  
    private val store: ViewModelStore,  
    private val factory: Factory,  
    private val defaultCreationExtras: CreationExtras = CreationExtras.Empty,  
)

在 ViewModelProvider.Factory 的 create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras) 方法的第 2 个参数是 CreationExtras

在哪里用到了？

具体看各个 Factory 的实现。

NewInstanceFactory

  
class NewInstanceFactory {
	public companion object {
		private object ViewModelKeyImpl : Key<String>
		@JvmField  
		val VIEW_MODEL_KEY: Key<String> = ViewModelKeyImpl
	}
}

提供了 VIEW_MODEL_KEY

AndroidViewModelFactory

  
// AndroidViewModelFactory v2.6.2
override fun <T : ViewModel> create(modelClass: Class<T>, extras: CreationExtras): T {  
    return if (application != null) {  
        create(modelClass)  
    } else {  
        val application = extras[APPLICATION_KEY]  
        if (application != null) {  
            create(modelClass, application)  
        } else {  
            // For AndroidViewModels, CreationExtras must have an application set  
            if (AndroidViewModel::class.java.isAssignableFrom(modelClass)) {  
                throw IllegalArgumentException(  
                    "CreationExtras must have an application by `APPLICATION_KEY`"  
                )  
            }  
            super.create(modelClass)  
        }  
    }  
}
public companion object {
	private object ApplicationKeyImpl : Key<Application>
	@JvmField  
	val APPLICATION_KEY: Key<Application> = ApplicationKeyImpl
}

如果 application 不为空，还是走老的 create 逻辑
如果 application 为空，但存在 APPLICATION_KEY，走 create(modelClass, application)

所以使用 AndroidViewModelFactory，需要在构造函数传入 application 或者在 extras 中设置 key 为 APPLICATION_KEY 值为 application。

原理

以示例来讲解：

  
val vm by lazy {
	val extras = MutableCreationExtras()
	extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM1_KEY] = "param1 value"
	extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM2_KEY] = 112
	extras[ViewModelFactory.PARAM3_KEY] = 520
	extras[ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY] = application
	ViewModelProvider(
		this.viewModelStore,
		ViewModelFactory(),
		extras
	)[MyViewModel::class.java]
}

ViewModelProvider 第 3 个参数 defaultCreationExtras，保存了很多参数。

当调用 get 时，

  
// lifecycle-viewmodel v2.6.2 ViewModelProvider
public open operator fun <T : ViewModel> get(key: String, modelClass: Class<T>): T {  
    val viewModel = store[key]  
    if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {  
        (factory as? OnRequeryFactory)?.onRequery(viewModel!!)  
        return viewModel as T  
    } else {  
        @Suppress("ControlFlowWithEmptyBody")  
        if (viewModel != null) {  
            // TODO: log a warning.  
        }  
    }  
    val extras = MutableCreationExtras(defaultCreationExtras)  
    extras[VIEW_MODEL_KEY] = key  
    // AGP has some desugaring issues associated with compileOnly dependencies so we need to  
    // fall back to the other create method to keep from crashing.    return try {  
        factory.create(modelClass, extras)  
    } catch (e: AbstractMethodError) {  
        factory.create(modelClass)  
    }.also { store.put(key, it) }  
}

get 方法内部创建了一个 extras MutableCreationExtras，默认设置了一个 VIEW_MODEL_KEY 的 key，值为 $DEFAULT_KEY:$canonicalName (如：androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider.DefaultKey:me.hacket.assistant.samples.google.architecture.viewmodel.creationextras.MyViewModel)；然后将 ViewModelProvider 的 defaultCreationExtras 保存到 extras 中；

然后调用 factory.create 方法创建 ViewModel。

默认参数 DefaultCreationExtras

  
// ViewModelProvider
internal fun defaultCreationExtras(owner: ViewModelStoreOwner): CreationExtras {  
    return if (owner is HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory) {  
        owner.defaultViewModelCreationExtras  
    } else CreationExtras.Empty  
}

如果 owner 是 HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory，那么就取 owner.defaultViewModelCreationExtras，而 ComponentActivity 实现了 HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory，看一下 ComponentActivity 的默认实现：

  
// ComponentActivity
public CreationExtras getDefaultViewModelCreationExtras() {
	MutableCreationExtras extras = new MutableCreationExtras();
	if (getApplication() != null) {
		extras.set(ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY, getApplication());
	}
	extras.set(SavedStateHandleSupport.SAVED_STATE_REGISTRY_OWNER_KEY, this);
	extras.set(SavedStateHandleSupport.VIEW_MODEL_STORE_OWNER_KEY, this);
	if (getIntent() != null && getIntent().getExtras() != null) {
		extras.set(SavedStateHandleSupport.DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY, getIntent().getExtras());
	}
	return extras;
}

注意: Activity 1.5.0-alpha01 和 Fragment 1.5.0-alpha01 之后才能重写 getDefaultViewModelCreationExtras 方法。之前的版本中，访问 defaultCreationExtras 将返回 CreationExtras.Empty

默认提供了下列：

ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.APPLICATION_KEY application
SavedStateHandleSupport.SAVED_STATE_REGISTRY_OWNER_KEY activity
SavedStateHandleSupport.VIEW_MODEL_STORE_OWNER_KEY this
SavedStateHandleSupport.DEFAULT_ARGS_KEY 可用于获取 Activity 的 intent bundle 数据

Android, Jetpack

Jetpack ViewModel

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